Draw resonance structures for molecules and ions such as ozone and the carbonate, nitrate and ethanoate ions, explain delocalization of electrons, and use resonance to account for equal bond lengths intermediate between single and double bonds.
Tę umiejętność sprawdza 16 zadań wzorowanych na arkuszach IB z lat 2022–2026.
Nitric acid, HNO3, is strong, while nitrous acid, HNO2, is weak. (i) Outline the difference between a strong and a weak acid. (ii) Deduce the Lewis formula and the molecular geometry for the nitrite ion, NO2−. (iii) State the hybridization…
Both ionic and covalent bonding are present in sodium ethanedioate, Na2C2O4. (i) Describe both types of chemical bonding present in this compound. Ionic bonding: Covalent bonding: (ii) Deduce a Lewis formula of the ethanedioate ion, C2O42−.…
(i) For the carbonate ion, draw its Lewis formula. (ii) Write the chemical formula of ammonium carbonate. (iii) State why all three C–O bonds in the carbonate ion are identical. (iv) Using section 11 of the data booklet, predict the length of the C–O bonds in…
In which set do all the species contain delocalized electrons? A. NH4+, C6H12, Si(s) B. CH3OH, SO2, C (diamond) C. C2H4, NO3−, SiO2 D. CO32−, C6H6, Cu(s)
Suggest a length, in pm, for the nitrogen-oxygen bonds in the nitrite ion and explain your choice. Use section 11 of the data booklet.
Resonance structures can be drawn for which of the following species? I. CO32− II. NH4+ III. C6H6 A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III
The two O-O bonds in ozone have the same length, 1.28 × 10−10 m. For comparison, an O-O single bond is 1.48 × 10−10 m long and an O=O double bond is 1.21 × 10−10 m long. (i) Suggest what the bond…
Ozone, O3, absorbs ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 300 nm and dissociates. Oxygen, O2, does not dissociate at this wavelength. Which comparison of the bonds in O3 with the bond in O2 is correct? A. Longer and weaker B.…
Which allotrope of oxygen, O2 or O3, has the longer bond between oxygen atoms, and which is dissociated by ultraviolet radiation of the longer wavelength? A. Longer bond: ozone; longer wavelength: ozone B. Longer bond: oxygen; longer wavelength:…
Ethanoic acid acts as a weak monoprotic acid in aqueous solution. At 298 K its acid dissociation constant is Ka = 1.74 × 10−5 mol dm−3. (i) 2.00 dm3 of an ethanoic acid solution was prepared. A 25.0 cm3…
Ethanoic acid is a weak monobasic acid. The acid dissociation constant of ethanoic acid at 298 K is Ka = 1.74 × 10−5. (i) A student dissolved a sample of ethanoic acid in water and made the solution up to 2.00 dm3. Exactly 19.4…
Which species is best described by resonance structures? A. NO3− B. COCl2 C. CH3OH D. PF3
Which species is best described using resonance structures? A. NO3− B. H2S C. NF3 D. HCN
Ozone, O3, is an allotrope of oxygen found in the upper atmosphere. (i) Complete the boxes with arrows to show the ground-state electron configuration of an oxygen atom. (ii) Deduce a Lewis (electron dot) structure of O3 in which every atom has…
For which species can resonance structures be drawn? A. CH3CH2OH B. CH3CH2O− C. CH3NH3+ D. CH3COO−
Which species can be represented by resonance structures? A. PCl3 B. O3 C. CH3OH D. OF2
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