Identify sp3, sp2 and sp hybridization of an atom from the number of electron domains in its Lewis formula, and link hybridization to molecular geometry, bond angles and the number of sigma and pi bonds formed.
Tę umiejętność sprawdza 25 zadań wzorowanych na arkuszach IB z lat 2022–2026.
Nitric acid, HNO3, is strong, while nitrous acid, HNO2, is weak. (i) Outline the difference between a strong and a weak acid. (ii) Deduce the Lewis formula and the molecular geometry for the nitrite ion, NO2−. (iii) State the hybridization…
Sulfapyridine is an antibacterial drug. Its structure is shown below. C11H11N3O2S Mr = 249.32 (i) Deduce the hybridization of the nitrogen atom that is part of a ring. (ii) Describe how the sigma (σ) and pi (π) components of an…
At room temperature hydrogen cyanide is a liquid that evaporates readily, whereas ethyne, C2H2, which has almost the same molar mass, is a gas that boils at −84 °C. (i) Draw the Lewis formula of the hydrogen cyanide molecule, showing all valence…
(i) Draw the Lewis formula of buta-1,3-diene. (ii) State the hybridization of the carbon atoms in buta-1,3-diene.
Methanoic acid, HCOOH, has the structure shown. What are the hybridizations of the carbon atom, the oxygen atom of the C=O bond and the oxygen atom of the O–H bond? In each option the hybridizations are listed in that order. A. sp2,…
Which hybridization is shown by the carbon atom and by the nitrogen atom in hydrogen cyanide, HCN? A. C: sp, N: sp B. C: sp, N: sp2 C. C: sp2, N: sp D. C: sp2, N:…
Which orbitals overlap to form the σ-bond and the two π-bonds between carbon and nitrogen in hydrogen cyanide, HCN? A. σ-bond: sp and sp3; π-bonds: p and p B. σ-bond: sp and sp; π-bonds: p and p C. σ-bond: sp…
What is the hybridization of the atoms labelled I, II and III in the molecule shown? A. I: sp, II: sp3, III: sp3 B. I: sp, II: sp2, III: sp3 C. I: sp2, II: sp3, III:…
A computer simulation models what happens when small pieces of lithium and of sodium are dropped into water. For each metal five pieces of increasing mass are used, the same set of masses for both metals, and the simulation records how long each piece takes to…
(i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of the nitrite ion. (ii) Deduce the formal charges of the nitrogen atom and of both oxygen atoms, and add them to the structure you drew in (i). (iii) Predict the shape of the ion and the size of the O-N-O bond angle.…
(i) Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of carbonyl chloride. (ii) Mark the bond polarities on your Lewis structure using the symbols δ+ and δ−. (iii) Explain the shape of the carbonyl chloride molecule and whether it is polar. (iv) State…
2-Methylbut-1-ene contains sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds. (i) State the hybridization of carbon atoms A and B. (ii) Describe how the sigma bond and the pi bond of the carbon-carbon double bond in 2-methylbut-1-ene are formed.
The structure of a compound is shown below. Atom (1) is the nitrogen atom of the ring, atom (2) is the ring carbon bonded to the ethynyl group and atom (3) is the terminal carbon of the ethynyl group. Which row gives the hybridization and the molecular…
Deduce the hybridization of carbon atoms 1 and 2 in pent-1-ene.
Describe, in terms of the orbitals involved, the bonding between carbon atoms 1 and 2 in pent-1-ene.
The structure of propynoic acid is shown below. Which row gives the hybridization of the atoms labelled X, Y and Z? A. X: sp, Y: sp3, Z: sp2 B. X: sp, Y: sp2, Z: sp2 C. X: sp2, Y: sp2, Z: sp3 D. X: sp2, Y: sp, Z: sp
In the gas phase, some AlCl3 molecules join in pairs to form this dimer: (i) Identify the hybridization of the aluminium atom in the dimer, Al2Cl6. (ii) Describe, in terms of Lewis acids and bases, how two AlCl3 molecules bond together to…
In the gas phase some aluminium chloride exists as the dimer Al2Cl6, the structure of which is shown below. (i) Identify the hybridization of the aluminium atom in the dimer, Al2Cl6. (ii) Describe, in terms of Lewis acid–base behaviour, the…
What are the hybridization of the carbon atom in carbon dioxide and the O-C-O bond angle? A. sp2 and 120° B. sp3 and 109.5° C. sp and 90° D. sp and 180°
Which bond angle is expected between the bonds formed by an sp hybridized carbon atom? A. 180° B. 109.5° C. 90° D. 120°
(i) State the IUPAC name of Compound B. (ii) Both compounds are liquids at room temperature. Identify the strongest intermolecular force between molecules of Compound B. (iii) State how many σ (sigma) bonds and how many π (pi) bonds one molecule of Compound A…
(i) Sketch the shape of a sigma (σ) bond and of a pi (π) bond, showing the overlapping orbitals. Sigma (σ): Pi (π): (ii) Identify the number of sigma bonds and the number of pi bonds in one molecule of acrylonitrile. Sigma (σ): Pi (π): (iii) State the…
(i) Outline two differences between the bonding of carbon atoms in graphite and in diamond. (ii) Explain why fullerene, C60, sublimes at a much lower temperature than graphite.
In which compound are all the carbon atoms sp2 hybridized? A. Buta-1,3-diene, CH2=CH−CH=CH2 B. Propene, CH2=CH−CH3 C. Propadiene, CH2=C=CH2 D. But-2-yne, CH3−C≡C−CH3
State the number of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms in compound P.
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