Wzorowane na: Chemistry HL Paper 2, May 2025, TZ3, pytanie 4(d). Treść, dane i kontekst są zmienione; sprawdzane umiejętności, format i punktacja jak w oryginale.
Informacja do zadań 4a-4e.
Halogenoalkanes are widely used as intermediates in organic synthesis. Compound Y has the condensed structural formula
The rate of the reaction between compound Y and aqueous sodium hydroxide depends on the concentrations of both reactants.
(i) Explain the mechanism of this reaction, using curly arrows to show the movement of electron pairs.
(ii) Explain why 2-bromo-3-methylbutane, , reacts faster with sodium hydroxide than compound Y.
(iii) Contrast the two ways in which the C–Cl bond in compound Y can break: homolytic fission and heterolytic fission.
(i) «, one step»
curly arrow from the lone pair / negative charge on the O of to the carbon atom bonded to Cl ✔
curly arrow from the C–Cl bond to the Cl atom ✔
transition state showing the partial bonds «HO···C···Cl» AND the negative charge «in square brackets» ✔
products: AND
(ii) the C–Br bond is weaker than the C–Cl bond «285 versus 324 » ✔
«because» Br is larger / the C–Br bond is longer
OR
is a better leaving group «than »
OR
the activation energy is lower ✔
(iii) Homolytic fission: each atom keeps one of the bonding electrons / «neutral» radicals are formed ✔
Heterolytic fission: both bonding electrons go to one atom «Cl» / ions are formed ✔
(i) [1] each: nucleophilic attack arrow from HO-, arrow for C-Cl bond breaking, transition state with partial bonds and negative charge (curly arrows may be drawn in the transition state instead), products Cl- and 3-methylbutan-2-ol. Award [3 max] for a correct SN1 mechanism. Do not penalize HO and Cl not drawn at 180°. (ii) M1: C-Br weaker than C-Cl; M2: reason (larger Br / better leaving group / lower Ea). (iii) [1] each; award [1 max] if the two descriptions are reversed.
The rate depending on both concentrations is the clue for SN2: one bimolecular step with no carbocation intermediate.
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