Identify by name and structure the halogeno, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, alkoxy, amino, amido, ester and phenyl groups in a molecule, and explain how functional groups determine the class and properties of a compound.
Tę umiejętność sprawdza 46 zadań wzorowanych na arkuszach IB z lat 2022–2026.
Compound X is a flavour compound that occurs in many plants. Its structure is shown below. (i) State the IUPAC name of compound X. (ii) State the name of the functional group represented by the C=O bond itself in compound X. (iii) Predict the size of the H–C=O…
(i) State the names of the organic compounds used to produce the ester shown below. (ii) State the name of the by-product of this reaction. (iii) The compounds butan-1-ol and ethoxyethane have the same molar mass. Their structures are shown below. Explain,…
Which pair of compounds could react together in a condensation reaction that produces water? A. CH3CH2CH3 and Cl2 B. CH3CH=CH2 and HBr C. CH3CH2Cl and NH3 D. CH3CH2COOH and CH3CH2CH2OH
Which functional groups are present in this molecule? A. Secondary amine, hydroxyl, alkoxy B. Tertiary amine, alcohol, ketone C. Tertiary amine, hydroxyl, alkoxy D. Secondary amine, alcohol, ketone
What is the correct classification of the molecule shown? A. Carboxylic acid B. Ketone C. Ether D. Ester
Which set contains compounds that all belong to one homologous series? A. CH3CHO, CH3COCH3, CH3CH2CHO B. CH3COOH, CH3CH2COOH, CH3(CH2)2COOH C. CH3CH2NH2, CH3CH2NHCH3, CH3CH2CH2NH2 D.…
Each indicator contains more than one benzene ring. (i) State one functional group, other than the phenyl group, that is present in all three indicators. (ii) Deduce the colour of light absorbed by bromothymol blue in acidic conditions and by bromophenol blue…
The structure of galantamine is shown below. (i) State the name of the functional group that contains the nitrogen atom. (ii) Outline the effect of this functional group on the pH of water in which galantamine is dissolved, giving the direction of the change…
Which two functional groups occur in both molecule P and molecule Q? A. Amino and a benzene ring B. Hydroxyl and ester C. Hydroxyl and a benzene ring D. Amino and hydroxyl
(i) Oil of vitriol, spirit of hartshorn and wood alcohol are old trivial names still occasionally used for chemical substances, and names like these can be a source of confusion in international scientific communication. Outline how the modern system of naming…
A compound used to make polymers, hexanedioic acid, can be produced by a series of reactions starting from cyclohexane. (i) Deduce how reactant A is related to hex-1-ene. (ii) For the C=O functional group present in intermediate C, state its structural…
HA reacts with aqueous sodium carbonate according to the equation: 2 HA(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2 NaA(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) Identify the functional group in HA that is responsible for this reaction.
Butan-2-ol reacts with octadecanoic (stearic) acid to form an ester that is used as a lubricant. C17H35COOH(l) + CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3(l) ⇌ C17H35COOCH(CH3)CH2CH3(l) + X(l) (i) Identify the by-product X(l) and state the type of reaction taking place. (ii)…
Which molecule contains an ester functional group? A. CH3CH2COOH B. CH3CH2OCH2CH3 C. CH3COOCH2CH3 D. CH3CH2CHO
Deduce one possible structural formula of A that fits all of the evidence above.
Methanol and butan-1-ol are members of the same homologous series. (i) Name the class of compound and the functional group that characterize this series. (ii) State the strongest intermolecular force between molecules of either alcohol. (iii) Predict one type…
An ester used as a pear flavouring is made by heating ethanoic acid with propan-1-ol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid: CH3COOH + CH3CH2CH2OH → CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 + X (i) Identify the type of reaction. (ii) Identify the second product, X, of…
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) is a condensation polymer used for dissolving surgical stitches. It is made from two monomers. A short section of the polymer chain is shown; the bonds ending in an asterisk continue the chain. Draw the functional groups needed to…
Suggest how the parts of the IUPAC name prop-2-enal match the structure of the compound.
The amino acids glycine and alanine react together to form a dipeptide. Identify the type of bond that joins the two amino acid residues in the dipeptide.
The structural formula of a synthetic tripeptide P is shown. Circle every amide link in the structure.
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is added to some processed foods. Its structure is shown. Predict, giving one reason, whether pantothenic acid is soluble in vegetable oil.
Lidocaine and procaine are local anaesthetics. Their structures are shown. Deduce the name of one functional group that is present in both molecules and the name of one functional group that is present in procaine only.
Diclofenac, an anti-inflammatory drug, is often supplied as its sodium salt, which dissolves in water more readily than the diclofenac molecule itself. Circle the functional group that reacts with sodium hydroxide when this salt is prepared.
Which compound is the organic product when CH3CH2COOH and CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 are heated together in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid? A. CH3CH2COCH(CH3)CH2CH3 B. CH3CH2CH(CH3)COOCH2CH3 C. CH3CH2COOCH(CH3)CH2CH3 D.…
3-Methylbutanoic acid reacts with propan-1-ol, CH3CH2CH2OH, to form an organic product and water. Deduce the structural formula and the empirical formula of the organic product.
Beeswax contains esters that form when long-chain carboxylic acids react with long-chain alcohols. State the name of this type of reaction.
Fructose, C6H12O6, exists mainly as a ring, but a small proportion of the molecules in solution are in the straight-chain form shown. State the names of the functional groups present in the straight-chain form of fructose.
Which functional groups are present in the compound shown? A. Carboxyl, hydroxyl and primary amino B. Ester, ether and primary amino C. Ester, hydroxyl and secondary amino D. Ester, hydroxyl and primary amino
(i) Identify the type of reaction that takes place in step 1. (ii) Sketch the mechanism of the reaction in step 1, using curly arrows to show the movement of electron pairs. (iii) Identify the products formed from the reaction of propan-1-ol and propanoic acid…
Propanoic acid reacts with methanol to produce an ester. (i) Draw the full structural formula of the organic product. (ii) Predict the number of signals, and their splitting patterns, in the 1H NMR spectrum of this ester. (iii) The chemical shifts in…
Which formula represents an ester? A. CH3CH2OCH2CH3 B. CH3COOCH2CH3 C. CH3CH2CONH2 D. CH3CH2COOH
Which compound is an aromatic ester? A. Compound A B. Compound B C. Compound C D. Compound D
State the name of the reagent that is heated with ethanoic acid to form this ester.
Nomex® is a polyamide used in fire-resistant clothing. It forms when benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid reacts with benzene-1,3-diamine. Draw one repeating unit of Nomex®.
State the name of the reagent that is heated with propanoic acid to form this ester.
State the class of organic compounds to which CH3CH2COOCH3 belongs.
Butanone can be synthesised from but-1-ene in a two-stage process. In the first stage the alkene reacts with water in the presence of sulfuric acid to form the intermediate compound [X]; in the second stage [X] is converted into butanone by reagent B. (i) Draw…
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. State the type of bonding that joins the amino acids together along a polypeptide chain.
Palmitic acid, CH3(CH2)14COOH, and palmitoleic acid, CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH, which has a cis C=C double bond, both have a chain of sixteen carbon atoms. Predict which of the two fatty acids has the higher melting point and give two reasons for…
Benzocaine is a local anaesthetic. It is made by reacting the carboxylic acid X with ethanol. (i) Discuss two ways in which the melting point of a crystallized sample of benzocaine can show that it still contains X. (ii) Deduce the range of wavenumbers in the…
How are the amine and the alcohol shown classified? A. primary amine and primary alcohol B. tertiary amine and secondary alcohol C. primary amine and secondary alcohol D. secondary amine and secondary alcohol
Two colourless liquids in unlabelled bottles are cyclohexane and cyclohexene. Describe a chemical test, and the expected observation with each liquid, that would show which bottle contains cyclohexene.
Which functional groups are present in aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)? A. Hydroxyl, ester and phenyl B. Carboxyl, ester and phenyl C. Carboxyl, amido and phenyl D. Carboxyl, alkoxy and hydroxyl
Compound P contains two amino groups outside the ring system: one bonded directly to the ring and one at the end of the side chain. State which of these is a secondary amino group, giving a reason.
(i) Deduce the structural formula and the empirical formula of B. (ii) Explain, with reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, the effect on the yield of B of using dilute rather than concentrated sulfuric acid as the catalyst. (iii) Compound A has a lower molar…
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