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Dodaj cały arkusz do zestawu(i) The boxes for the 1s and 2s orbitals of a sulfur atom are shown below. Draw the remaining orbitals needed for its ground-state electron configuration, filling and labelling each one. Use section 7 of the data booklet. (ii) For a sulfur atom, sketch the…
4.81 g of sulfur was heated in a stream of chlorine gas until the reaction was complete. The mass of the chloride produced was 10.13 g. (i) Calculate how many atoms are present in this 4.81 g sample of sulfur. Use sections 2 and 7 of the data booklet. (ii)…
Sulfur forms a dichloride, , and a hexafluoride, . (i) Deduce the Lewis formula of . (ii) Deduce the molecular geometry of and of . (iii) Suggest a value for the bond angle in .
Describe the bonding represented by the circle in structure A.
The ring in 4-methylstyrene is a benzene ring. State one chemical and one physical reason why structure A represents the benzene ring better than structure B.
4-Methylstyrene is capable of undergoing polymerization. Draw a section of the resulting polymer chain, showing three repeating units, and state what type of polymerization this is.
Methanoic acid, , is a weak acid, and solutions of it are often used as acidic buffers. A chemist prepared a solution of methanoic acid, in which two conjugate acid–base pairs are present. (i) For each pair, state the…
(i) Oil of vitriol, spirit of hartshorn and wood alcohol are old trivial names still occasionally used for chemical substances, and names like these can be a source of confusion in international scientific communication. Outline how the modern system of naming…
(i) Concentrated sulfuric acid, , is used as the catalyst in the manufacture of propyl ethanoate. Explain how the catalyst affects the reaction. (ii) The conversion of propane into 1-bromopropane, …
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change, , for the overall synthesis of propyl ethanoate from propane and ethane shown above. Use section 12 of the data booklet. (ii) Two students each calculated the enthalpy change for the reaction between propan-1-ol and…
(i) To check the value of found in (d)(viii), a student set up an experiment: 0.500 mol each of propan-1-ol and ethanoic acid were mixed with a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid at 25 °C, and the mixture's volume was kept constant throughout.…
(i) Sketch the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve for the particles in this reaction mixture at 25 °C, marking on the diagram the activation energy both with and without the catalyst. (ii) On the same axes, sketch and label a second Maxwell–Boltzmann…
For the overall reaction shown above, calculate the atom economy of this route from propane and ethane to propyl ethanoate. Use sections 1 and 7 of the data booklet.
Below is the infrared spectrum recorded for ester Y. (i) This spectrum contains two peaks that confirm Y is an ester. Deduce their identity, giving the wavenumber and the bond responsible for each. Use section 20 of the data booklet. (ii) Alcohols and…
In the mass spectrum of Y, the molecular ion peak appears at m/z 88. (i) Y contains no multiple carbon–carbon bonds and no rings. Deduce its molecular formula. Use section 7 of the data booklet. Shown below is the high-resolution NMR spectrum of Y,…
(i) In the nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) rechargeable battery the negative electrode is a metal alloy, M, that absorbs hydrogen. The two electrode reactions during discharge are shown below. …
For a different pair of half-cells, the standard Gibbs energy change, , works out to , with a single electron transferred between the electrodes in the cell reaction. Deduce what these two half-cells are. Use…
In this electrolytic cell, silver ions, , are deposited as silver onto cutlery made of a cheaper metal. Complete the table below, using ticks to show which direction each species moves in and where that movement occurs. Species Direction: towards…