Zadanie 1a
Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium chloride. Use section 7 of the data booklet.
Chemistry HL Paper 2, November 2022
Zadania wzorowane na pytaniach z tego arkusza: te same umiejętności, format i punktacja, inne dane i kontekst. Treści arkusza IB nie publikujemy.
Dodaj cały arkusz do zestawuZadanie 1b
State, with a reason, whether the ammonium ion acts as a Brønsted–Lowry acid or base when it reacts with water to form ammonia.
Zadanie 1c
A 0.50 mol dm−3 solution of ammonium chloride is prepared. (i) Calculate the pH of an ammonium chloride solution with [H3O+] = 1.68 × 10−5 mol dm−3. Use section 1 of the data booklet. (ii) Write the equation for the…
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Zadanie 1d
A student investigates the dissolution of ammonium chloride in water as the basis of an instant cold pack, in which solid ammonium chloride is kept apart from water by a thin membrane. The enthalpy change when one mole of solid ammonium chloride dissolves in…
Zadanie 1e
Predict, using the given values, the reaction that would take place at the anode and at the cathode during the electrolysis of a dilute aqueous solution of ammonium chloride using graphite electrodes.
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Zadanie 1f
Solid ammonium chloride decomposes when heated to form two gases, ammonia and hydrogen chloride. (i) Write the chemical equation for this decomposition. (ii) Calculate the volume of ammonia produced at STP when an 8.00 g sample of ammonium chloride decomposes.…
Zadanie 2a
Compound P contains two amino groups outside the ring system: one bonded directly to the ring and one at the end of the side chain. State which of these is a secondary amino group, giving a reason.
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Zadanie 2b
State the number of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms in compound P.
- Materiał graficzny
Zadanie 2d
Compare, giving a reason, the length of a carbon–nitrogen bond within the quinazoline ring system with the length of a carbon–nitrogen bond in the diethylamino group.
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Zadanie 2e
Compound P can be synthesized by reacting 4,6-dichloroquinazoline with another reactant, B. (i) Deduce the structure of B. (ii) The reaction can be catalysed by copper(I) iodide, CuI. State the ground-state electron configuration of the Cu+ ion.…
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Zadanie 3a
State the ground-state electron configuration for Ni2+.
Zadanie 3b
The mass spectrum for silver is shown. Show how a relative atomic mass of silver of 107.96 can be obtained from this mass spectrum.
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Zadanie 3c
Predict, with a reason, whether Ag or Ag+ has the greater ionization energy.
Zadanie 3d
Determine the frequency, in s−1, of a photon that will cause the first ionization of silver. Use sections 1, 2 and 9 of the data booklet.
Zadanie 3e
Outline the magnetic properties of nickel by referring to its electron configuration.
Zadanie 3f
The diagram shows an unlabelled voltaic cell for the reaction: Ni(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) → Ni2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s) (i) Identify, using species from the equation, what W, X, Y and Z are, and state the direction of electron flow in the external circuit. (ii) Write the…
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Zadanie 4a
(i) Deduce the structural formula and the empirical formula of B. (ii) Explain, with reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, the effect on the yield of B of using dilute rather than concentrated sulfuric acid as the catalyst. (iii) Compound A has a lower molar…
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Zadanie 4b
Bromine water is added to compound A. Describe the change observed.
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Zadanie 5a
A sample of coal contains 1.20 % sulfur by mass. Calculate the amount, in mol, of sulfur dioxide produced when 400.0 g of this coal undergoes complete combustion. S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
Zadanie 5b
Some of the sulfur dioxide released is oxidized in the atmosphere to sulfur trioxide, SO3. Write an equation that shows how sulfur trioxide produces acid rain.
Zadanie 5c
Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of sulfur trioxide.
Zadanie 5d
A student compares the rate of the reaction between magnesium ribbon and dilute hydrochloric acid at different temperatures by timing how long it takes for a piece of ribbon to dissolve completely. Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Suggest two…
Zadanie 5e
Coal-fired power stations release carbon dioxide and sulfur oxides. Discuss two different measures that could reduce the environmental impact of generating electricity from coal.
Zadanie 5f
PF3Cl2 can form isomers, some of which are polar and one of which is non-polar. Deduce the three-dimensional arrangement of one non-polar isomer and of one polar isomer of PF3Cl2 by stating the positions, axial or equatorial, of the two chlorine…
Zadanie 6a
This reaction could proceed through either an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism, depending on the reaction conditions. Sketch a graph of the rate against the nucleophile concentration, [OH−], for each of the mechanisms on the axes…
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Zadanie 6b
Starting from a single enantiomer of 2-bromopentane, only one enantiomer of the alcohol product, pentan-2-ol, is obtained. Suggest, with a reason, whether the reaction follows an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism.
Zadanie 6c
State the name of an instrument that could be used to determine whether the pentan-2-ol obtained is a single enantiomer or a racemic mixture.
Zadanie 6e
State, with a reason, how the rate of reaction of hydroxide ions with 2-iodopentane compares with the rate of their reaction with 2-bromopentane under the same conditions.
Zadanie 6f
2-Bromopentane also reacts with cyanide ions, CN−, by the same mechanism as the one identified in (b). Explain this mechanism using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.
Zadanie 6g
(i) Deduce the number of signals and the ratio of the areas under the signals in the NMR spectrum of 2-bromopentane. Number of signals: Ratio of areas: (ii) Identify the splitting pattern of the signal of (A) the hydrogen atoms of the methyl group…