Zadanie 1a
Outline one reason why SO2 is considered a pollutant.
Chemistry HL Paper 2, November 2025, TZ3
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Dodaj cały arkusz do zestawuZadanie 1b
A sample of flue gas has a volume of 2.5 × 10−3 m3 at 150 °C and 1.2 × 105 Pa, and contains 0.20 % SO2 by volume. Using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet, calculate the amount, in moles, of SO2 present.
Zadanie 1c
Outline why SO2 shows a greater deviation from the ideal gas model than carbon dioxide, CO2, does.
Zadanie 1d
In the Claus process, used to recover sulfur from refinery gases, sulfur dioxide reacts with hydrogen sulfide, H2S, to form sulfur. (i) State the oxidation state of sulfur in SO2 and in the sulfur produced. (ii) Deduce the balanced equation for…
Zadanie 2a
(i) In aqueous solution sulfuric acid transfers a proton to a water molecule, forming the hydroxonium ion, H3O+. Annotate the structure of the hydroxonium ion to indicate the coordination bond. (ii) Write an equation for the reaction between excess…
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Zadanie 2b
(i) For the carbonate ion, draw its Lewis formula. (ii) Write the chemical formula of ammonium carbonate. (iii) State why all three C–O bonds in the carbonate ion are identical. (iv) Using section 11 of the data booklet, predict the length of the C–O bonds in…
Zadanie 2c
Using section 19 of the data booklet, predict and explain what would be observed if zinc and silver metals were each added to a separate sample of blue copper(II) sulfate solution.
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Zadanie 2d
Sulfurous acid has the formula H2SO3. (i) Using the concept of formal charge, outline why Lewis formula 2 is the more stable, preferred structure. (ii) Write the formula for the conjugate base formed from sulfurous acid.
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Zadanie 3a
(i) If the reaction has a percentage yield of 80 %, calculate the mass, in g, of benzene that would be produced from 2.0 kg of cyclohexane. (ii) Calculate the atom economy for this reaction, as a percentage.
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Zadanie 3b
The forward reaction is endothermic, uses platinum as a catalyst, and takes place at 800 K. Sketch the reaction's energy profile both with and without the catalyst present, labelling the activation energies and ΔH.
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Zadanie 3c
(i) Sketch the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve for 298 K on the same axes as the 800 K curve. (ii) On the graph, annotate the position corresponding to the activation energy, Ea. (iii) With reference to the graph, explain why a lower…
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Zadanie 3d
The forward reaction is first order with respect to cyclohexane. C6H12(g) ⇌ C6H6(g) + 3 H2(g) (i) Sketch a graph showing how the rate varies with the concentration of cyclohexane. (ii) Deduce the reaction's rate equation, and state the units of the…
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Zadanie 3e
A compound used to make polymers, hexanedioic acid, can be produced by a series of reactions starting from cyclohexane. (i) Deduce how reactant A is related to hex-1-ene. (ii) For the C=O functional group present in intermediate C, state its structural…
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Zadanie 3f
Hexanoic acid, CH3(CH2)4COOH, is a weak acid. The graph shows how the pH changes during the titration of a 20.0 cm3 aqueous solution of hexanoic acid with aqueous sodium hydroxide. (i) Deduce an expression for the equilibrium constant, K,…
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Zadanie 3g
(i) Describe how aqueous hexanoic acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide could be used to make a buffer solution. (ii) Predict the effect on the buffer's pH of adding a small amount of water.
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Zadanie 3h
(i) Hexanedioic acid reacts with hexane-1,6-diamine, H2N(CH2)6NH2. State the type of polymer that is formed. (ii) Draw one repeating unit of the polymer's structure.
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Zadanie 4a
(i) State the type of reaction taking place, and identify the role played by HI. (ii) Outline why molecules such as HI are able to attack ethene.
Zadanie 4b
(i) Using section 12 of the data booklet, determine the standard enthalpy change of the reaction, in kJ mol−1. (ii) A value obtained from bond enthalpies is less accurate than one obtained from enthalpies of formation. State two reasons why.…
Zadanie 4c
Iodoethane can react with aqueous hydroxide ions to produce ethanol. CH3CH2I(l) + OH−(aq) → CH3CH2OH(aq) + I−(aq) (i) State what type of reaction this is. (ii) Using curly arrows to show the movement of electron pairs, sketch the mechanism of this…
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Zadanie 5a
Contrast the two isotopes in terms of atomic structure.
Zadanie 5b
The sample produces the following mass spectrum. (i) Explain why the three peaks around m/z 72 have different relative heights. (ii) From the sample, calculate the relative atomic mass of chlorine, giving your answer to two decimal places.
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Zadanie 5c
(i) Using sections 9 and 17 of the data booklet, and showing your working, deduce the type of bonding present in magnesium chloride, MgCl2, and its percentage covalent character. (ii) Assuming purely ionic bonding, and using sections 9 and 12 of the…
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Zadanie 5d
Anhydrous nickel(II) chloride is yellow, whereas magnesium chloride is white. (i) State nickel's condensed electron configuration. (ii) In terms of electron configuration, state why nickel(II) chloride is a coloured compound. (iii) Nickel(II) chloride absorbs…
Zadanie 5e
A steel object is electroplated with nickel, using an aqueous nickel(II) chloride electrolyte. (i) Deduce the half-equation for the reaction occurring at each electrode. Anode: Cathode: (ii) For the reaction between chlorine gas and aqueous potassium iodide…
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